What is The Oldest County in The State of Delaware?

Sussex County: Delaware’s Oldest County and Its Historic Roots

This article explores the origins of Sussex County, the significance of Lewes, and how this early settlement shaped the region’s identity.

The Birth of Lewes: A Dutch Whaling Outpost

In 1631, a group of Dutch settlers, sponsored by the Dutch West India Company, arrived on the shores of what is now Delaware with a bold vision: to establish a whaling colony. Led by Captain David Pietersz de Vries, the settlers named their outpost Zwaanendael, meaning "Swan Valley" in Dutch, a nod to the abundant waterfowl in the area. The location, near the modern-day town of Lewes, was strategically chosen for its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, where whales were plentiful, and its sheltered harbor along the Delaware Bay.

The initial settlement consisted of about 30 men who built a fortified encampment and began whaling operations. However, Zwaanendael’s early days were marred by tragedy. Within a year, tensions with local Native American tribes led to a devastating attack that wiped out the colony. The Dutch returned in subsequent years, but the original whaling venture never fully recovered. Despite its rocky start, the founding of Zwaanendael in 1631 cemented Lewes as the first European foothold in Delaware, laying the groundwork for Sussex County’s historical prominence.

Sussex County: A Legacy Takes Shape

Sussex County itself was officially established later, in 1682, under English rule after the region passed from Dutch to British control. Named after the county of Sussex in England, it became one of Delaware’s three original counties, alongside Kent and New Castle. However, its claim as the oldest county stems from the enduring presence of Lewes, which predates any other European settlement in the state.

Over the centuries, Sussex County evolved from its whaling origins into a region known for agriculture, maritime trade, and, more recently, tourism. Lewes, often dubbed “The First Town in The First State,” grew into a charming coastal community that proudly preserves its historical roots. The town’s early struggles and resilience are commemorated at sites like the Zwaanendael Museum, which showcases artifacts and stories from the Dutch settlement.

A Historical Anchor in Modern Delaware

Today, Sussex County spans 936 square miles, making it Delaware’s largest county by land area, and it encompasses a mix of rural farmland, bustling beach towns like Rehoboth and Bethany, and the historic gem of Lewes. The county’s population has grown steadily, drawn by its scenic beauty and laid-back lifestyle, yet its historical significance remains a cornerstone of its identity.

Lewes itself has transformed from a whaling outpost into a picturesque town with colonial architecture, a vibrant waterfront, and a reputation as a haven for history buffs. Visitors can explore landmarks like the Lewes Historical Society’s campus, featuring preserved buildings that reflect the town’s evolution, or stroll along the Lewes-Rehoboth Canal, a reminder of its maritime heritage.

Why Sussex County Matters

The story of Sussex County, anchored by the founding of Lewes in 1631, is more than just a historical footnote—it’s a testament to the perseverance of early settlers and the enduring appeal of Delaware’s southern coast. As the oldest county in Delaware, Sussex represents the state’s first steps into European colonization, setting the stage for the cultural and economic development that followed.

In a state known as “The First State” for being the first to ratify the U.S. Constitution, Sussex County’s early beginnings add another layer of pride. From whaling to farming to tourism, the county has adapted through the centuries while holding fast to its origins. For residents and visitors alike, Sussex County offers a chance to step back in time, starting with the legacy of Lewes—a small Dutch settlement that dared to plant roots in the New World nearly 400 years ago.